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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in developed countries. In India; it is second to cancer of cervix among women. Several histopathological features have prognostic significance in breast carcinoma which includes histologic subtype, grade, lymph node status, ER/PR status, Growth factors and its receptors, proliferation activity and DNA content, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The Immunohistochemistry (IHC) classification provides both therapeutic and prognostic information. Aim and objectives: To assesses the ER/PR status and HER -2 status of breast carcinoma, to correlate the ER/PR and HER-2 receptors status with modified Bloom- Richardson histological grading, and clinico pathological parameters. Materials and methods: This study was undertaken over a period of 2 years from August 2013 to July 2015 in the Department of Pathology, Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences. Total of 75 cases of carcinoma breast in females diagnosed histopathologically, belonging to age group of 21-85 years were included in the study. Pingle Prathyusha, Radhika Mucharla, V. Srinivas Kumar, Geeta Voolapalli, Thota Ravinder. Expression of ER, PR and HER 2 Receptor Status in Breast Carcinomas and its Correlation with Histopathological Grading. IAIM, 2019; 6(7): 49-58. Page 50 Results: Histopathological grading was done according to Modified Bloom Richardson’s grading. 27(36%) cases were of grade II and 24(32%) cases each were of grade I and grade III. ER and PR were positive in 76% and 58.7% of tumors respectively. HER-2 over expression (score 2+ & 3+) was seen in 44% of tumors and was negative (0 or 1+) in 56% of tumors. Among the most common histologic subtype i.e., IDC (NOS), ER, PR and HER-2 were expressed in 75.36%, 60.86% and 44.92% respectively. Tumors with ER/PR-, HER2+ subtype were larger (>5cms), 1(1.3%) each medullary and apocrine carcinoma were positive for HER-2. None of the lobular, mucinous and papillary carcinoma expressed HER-2. Statistically significant values were noted for histologic grade immunohistochemical sub types, lympho vascular invasion and nuclear pleomorphism. Conclusion: In this study ER, PR and HER-2 receptors status correlates well with histopathological grading and other clinico-pathological parameters. These assays have the advantage of allowing only tumor cells to be assessed for receptor status. They can be conducted relatively inexpensively on routinely processed tissue sections with no need for specialized equipment.
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Introduction: Mast cells are always been a fascinating field of research workers working with inflammatory processes, Hypersensitive disorders, and hosts defence mechanisms. Wide variation in mast cell counts and blood density is noticed in different sections of the skin in same biopsy sample. Aim and objectives: To assess the pattern of mast cell arrangement in various non- neoplastic skin lesions and compared with normal skin biopsies, to analyze the pattern of mast cell distribution in various non-neoplastic lesions of the skin, to compare with quantum of mast cells in various nonneoplastic lesions. Materials and methods: A study was conducted for 10 years from March 2006 to February 2016, which included all non-neoplastic skin conditions were subjected for mast cell count and distribution in the Department of Pathology at Gandhi Medical College/ Hospital with collaboration with Dermatology Department. The biopsy specimens were processed and stained with routine H&E and special stain for mast cells Toluidine Blue. The mast cells counted with the help of ocular micrometer under the microscope. Results: About 1000 non-neoplastic lesions grouped into 11 categories and mast cell count was done. Irrespective of the category, Urticaria pigmentosa showed highest mast cell count (144/sqmm). Nevus comedonicus showed lowest count (13/sqmm). Conclusion: The role of mast cells in health and disease is significant and distinct alterations of mast cell are present in various non-neoplastic conditions.
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Background: Adnexal tumors of skin are uncommon in routine practice and may cause diagnostic problems clinically. Presence of Multiple tumors can be considered as marker for visceral malignancy e.g. multiple trichilemmoma-breast malignancy. Adenexal tumors of the skin are classified into four groups. Aim: To correlate skin adenexal tumors with age, sex and location and incidence in the Department of Pathology, Gandhi Hospital, Hyderabad. Materials and methods: Total number of cases was 136, during study period from April 2007 to March 2017 (ten years) in present study. All slides stained with routine Hematoxylin and Eosin and special stains accordingly. Results: Total number of Adenexal tumors were 136; benign tumors were 134 (98.4%), malignant tumors were 02 (1.6%), Largest group was sweat gland tumors (42.1%) e.g. chondroid syringoma, eccrine poroma, syringo cystadenoma papilleferum, hair follicle tumors (35.4%) e.g. trichoepithelioma, pilomatricoma and sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous carcinoma. Undifferentiated and others (21%) e.g. benign trichogenic tumors were also noted. Conclusion: The incidence of benign skin adenexal tumors was more as compared with the malignant tumors. Malignant tumors were seen predominantly in elderly
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Background: Meningiomas are common CNS tumors arising from the meningothelial cells and usual sites are intracranial, followed by intra spinal. WHO 2007 has categorised meningiomas into 3 grades. This grading helps in predicting their behaviour and treatment. Aim and objectives: To study the frequency, clinical details, histological typing of meningiomas in comparison with squash cytology (intra operative diagnosis) and Histopathological examination post operatively. Materials and methods: The present study was a prospective study conducted from May 2015 to April 2017 in the Department of Pathology, Gandhi Hospital. We received 50 clinically as well as radiologically diagnosed cases of meningiomas, which were compared with squash cytology and Histopathological examination. Results: In our study, meningiomas constituted 15% of all CNS tumors received from the Neurosurgery Department in a period of 2 years. In the present study, the number of Meningiomas was 50. Females outnumbered males (36 out of 50). Common site was intracranial (45), followed by intra spinal-thoracic (5). The commonest sub type was meningothelial variant of meningioma (12), followed by transitional variant (11). Squash cytology matched with the Histopathological examination in 91.15% cases. Conclusion: Meningiomas are predominantly occur intra cranially with female preponderance, majority were of benign grade I neoplasms. Squash cytology plays a major role in their intra operative diagnosis.
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Ovarian tumors are important because of increased morbidity and mortality associated with them. A total number of 157 specimens of ovarian neoplasms were studied in the department of pathology, Gandhi Medical College for a period of 2 years, i.e. June 2014 to May 2016. In our study, majority of the ovarian neoplasms were classified as benign tumors 101 (64.3%) followed by borderline neoplasms 44 (28.2%), and malignant tumors were 12 in number (7.6%). Out of these surface epithelial tumors were the commonest variety constituting 128 (81.5%), followed by germ cell tumors - 24 (15.28%). A relatively high no. of malignancies was observed in the study.
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Background: Verruccous lesions of the penis are difficult to classify. Materials and methods: The present study included 60 verruccous lesions of the penis in a period of 5 years, at Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal. Ours was a prospective study of 5 years duration. Results: In our study the age group ranges from 30 years to 80 years. Majority of the lesions were observed between 60-69 years age group. Warty lesions constituted 40 (66.7%), Cauliflower like growths constituted 14 (23.3%), and diffusely infiltrating constituted 6 (10%). Histopathological examination findings showed out of 60, 24 biopsies diagnosed as condyloma accuminata, 9 as simple verruccous hyperplasia, and remaining 27 are diagnosed as carcinomas out of which verruccous carcinoma were 12 followed by condylomatous carcinoma and papillary carcinomas each 6, squamous cell carcinomas were 3 in number. Conclusion: Each and every grossly visible verruccous lesions of the penis should be adequately biopsied for the early diagnosis of carcinoma.
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Background: Autopsy serves as a gold standard for the clinical diagnosis of cardiac arrest, which is important for quality assurance. Materials and methods: 44 medico legal cases of suspicious/ sudden deaths were examined by using various dissection techniques of the heart to identify the cause of death in a 2 year period. The main objective was to know the cause of death by correlating with the past history by the previous reports of the patients, the clinical diagnosis, photographic records, gross study of the heart and Histopathological examination and confirmation. The various methods used are inflow-outflow method; short axis method; window method; Valve plane method; Four chamber cut methods, etc. Different methods are used for different conditions of the heart, e.g., cardiomyopathy, valvular diseases, ischemic heart diseases etc. Results: In the present study males outnumbered the females constituting 26 and 18 respectively. At autopsy majority of the cardiac deaths were confirmed as ischemic heart disease by the short axis dissection method. One case of myocarditis identified with Inflow-Outflow method, one case of restrictive cardiomyopathy dissected with four chambered cut method. 1 case of replaced prosthetic valve dissected with valve-plane method. In three cases cause of death is not identified. Conclusion: Cardiac autopsy is backbone in diseases like Ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy etc. Its role in medico-legal case importance cannot be excluded.